A spermogram is the primary diagnostic analysis of semen that allows for the assessment of male fertility. This test is crucial in investigating the male factor of infertility, but it is also commonly used to evaluate the overall health of the male reproductive system.
WHY IS A SPERMOGRAM IMPORTANT?
A spermogram provides a detailed insight into the number, motility, shape, and vitality of sperm, as well as the chemical composition of semen. This information is essential for diagnosing the causes of infertility and determining the appropriate treatment.
HOW IS A SPERMOGRAM PERFORMED?
Preparation for the Test
– Abstinence: It is recommended to abstain from sexual activity for 2 to 5 days prior to the test.
– Avoiding alcohol and caffeine: Alcohol, caffeine, and smoking should be avoided several days before the test, as they may affect the results.
– Avoiding medications: Certain medications may affect the analysis, so it is important to inform the doctor about any ongoing treatments.
Sample Collection Method
Samples are usually obtained through masturbation in a designated room in the laboratory. It is important that the sample is provided in a sterile container and delivered as soon as possible (within 30 minutes) if collected outside the laboratory.
WHAT DOES A SPERMOGRAM ANALYSIS INCLUDE?
Macroscopic Analysis
– Semen Volume: The normal range is from 1.5 to 6 ml.
– pH Value: It is normally slightly alkaline, between 7.2 and 8.0.
– Color and Appearance: Semen should be milky white and slightly cloudy.
Microscopic Analysis
– Sperm Count: The normal count is above 15 million per milliliter.
-Motility (Mobility): Sperm are categorized based on speed and direction of movement. It is considered normal if at least 32% of sperm exhibit progressive motility.
– Morphology: The shape of the sperm is examined, as an irregular shape may affect fertilization. For a normal result, at least 4% of sperm must have normal morphology according to strict WHO criteria. Normal sperm have a regular, oval head shape, a well-defined acrosome (40-70% of the head surface), and a properly positioned midpiece and tail.
– Vitality: Determines the percentage of live sperm in the sample.
Other Parameters
– Presence of Agglutination: The clumping of sperm is examined, which may indicate immune system issues.
– Leukocytes: A high number of leukocytes may indicate an infection.
WHAT DO SPERMOGRAM RESULTS MEAN?
Normal Results
– Normozoospermia: A sample that meets all the parameters defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) is considered normal.
Abnormal Results
– Oligozoospermia: Decreased sperm count.
– Asthenozoospermia: Decreased sperm motility.
– Teratozoospermia: A high percentage of sperm with irregular morphology.
– Azoospermia: Absence of sperm in the semen.
– Necrozoospermia: A high percentage of dead sperm in the sample.
– Polyspermia: An unusually high number of sperm, which may indicate hormonal imbalance or other pathological conditions.
– Hematospermia: Presence of blood in the semen.
– Globozoospermia: Lack of acrosome on the sperm head, affecting fertilization ability.
FACTORS AFFECTING SPERMOGRAM RESULTS
Lifestyle
– Unhealthy diet, obesity, and stress can negatively affect sperm quality.
– Alcohol, smoking, and drug use significantly reduce sperm motility and count.
Medical Conditions
– Infections, hormonal disorders, and genetic factors can influence spermogram results.
– Varicocele (enlarged veins in the testes), as well as undescended testes, are among the most common causes of male infertility.
– Certain medications, including those used in cancer treatment, can cause a decrease in sperm count.
– Male hormones (testosterone) and female hormones (estrogen) can affect sperm count and quality.
– Testicular cancer can impact male fertility, as treatments for this cancer, such as surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy, may lead to a temporary or permanent decrease in sperm count and quality.
– Certain chemicals (such as pesticides) can reduce sperm count, affect their motility, or increase the number of abnormal sperm.
HOW TO IMPROVE SPERMOGRAM RESULTS?
Healthy Diet: Diet plays a significant role in sperm quality and sperm health. Consuming foods rich in antioxidants such as vitamins C, E, and minerals like zinc and selenium can improve the production of healthy sperm. Additionally, vitamins B12 and D are important for the optimal functioning of the reproductive system. According to research, nutrients like these help maintain good spermatogenesis, which can improve spermogram results.
Physical Activity: Regular physical activity has a positive impact on sperm quality. Exercise can improve circulation, reduce stress, and regulate hormone balance, all of which contribute to healthy spermatogenesis.
Therapy: In certain cases, a doctor may recommend hormone therapy or dietary supplements.
WHEN TO CONSULT A DOCTOR?
If the spermogram results show any abnormalities, it is important to consult a urologist or a reproductive medicine specialist. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment significantly increase the chances of successful treatment.